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Question: Discuss about the various Issues in the Italian Culture. Answer: Introduction The following paper discusses about the various issues in the Italian culture. Some of the cultural facts are also related with the Italian lives as well. I would be highlighting on the different issues that have been relevant in the rise of the Italian culture and the things that made the headlines. The different issues in the Italian life and culture include the facts like mafia, the Renaissance artists, the Roman Empire and the improvements that took place in that time, the philosophers and the experiences in the Naples Italy museums. I would like to display the contributions that they had served to enrich the Italian life and culture. This is extremely essential to know about the contributions of those people in the rise of the Italian culture before the whole world. Italian mafia The mafia groups in Italy had been the organized crime groups that had come to its contemporary situation over the centuries and it was raised from the island of Sicily that was ruled by the foreign invaders until of the middle of the nineteenth century (Paoli 2014). The people of Sicily very often went on to protect themselves in groups and they had always carried out their own justice in terms of people or place. The term mafloso could be applied to the Sicilians because it meant the mafia members. At the beginning this word mafia had no connotations about criminal things. The Sicilian Island belonged to Italy at that time and the thing is that the Sicilian mafia rose to power and they formed mafie which were the armies for the people who gained the power to extort the money from the landowners (Decker and Pyrooz 2013). Italy became a unified country and Sicily became a part of it. The government of Italy was just trying to gain the control by establishing themselves and they wanted the help from the Sicilian mafia to chase the dangerous and independent criminal groups. The government assured them that they would look at them in other ways (Decker and Pyrooz 2013). The expectation of the Italian government had failed and the mafia clans continued their quest of criminal activities further. The mafia became a controlling power in the political corruption and the Catholic Church had joined with the mafia clans in Italy. They had followed the code of conduct omerta in the Italian ground very strictly. The Roman times The Roman times or the Roman Empire had a very important significance in the Italian culture. Roman Empire had been one of the major centers of Renaissance. Many cultural improvements took place here through many centuries. All types of things that influence the culture like science and technology, sculpture, theatre, visual art and music had been very important in this context (Garnsey and Saller 2014). The writing of the ancient music was written in Italy and many famous musicians came to prominence in the Roman era (Stephens 2014). I would like to highlight that in this period many beautiful pieces of literature were also written as well. Italy had provided classical musical tradition and set an example before many countries. I must mention the name of the La Scala opera house in Milan that is considered to be one of the best known auditoriums in the world. Giovanni Palestrina had composed several masterpieces of music in the Renaissance period. The evolution of ballets also emerg ed in this time (Bury 2012). Some other important artworks that could be found to showcase the brilliance of Italian culture are Crucifix, The Baptistery Doors, The Four Crowned Martyrs, Deposition of Christ, The Life of the Virgin, The History of True Cross and numerous others. The rise of art especially sculptures, occurred in the Roman Empire with the Augustus of Primaporta. In this period, the pure realism of the Republican period was joined with the Greek idealism. The great sculpture designs of Michelangelo had become very prominent. This was due to the fact that the Roman emperors always paid patronage to the artists of the time who enriched the contemporary culture. So I suppose that they were one of the main people to play the role of influencing the people. Renaissance artists and philosophers In this part of the paper, I would be highlighting about the different aspects of the Roman culture and the Italian life and culture as a whole (Burke 2013). The focus will be on the role of the Roman arists and philosophers who had evolved in the period of Renaissance. In fact, it can be said that Renaissance was the time when most of the prolific artists had gained the prolific rise. Several artists had been on the threshold of proving themselves in front of the world to be the very best. Some famous artists that came to the limelight in the Renaissance period are Michelangelo, Giotto, Raphael, Titian, Donatello, Domenico Ghirlandaio and several others. The famous philosophers who reigned supreme in that period of Renaissance were Petrarch, Niccolo Machiavelli, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficcino, Bernardino Telesio, Lucilio Vanini and several others (Burke 2013). I strongly believe that they had contributed a major part in the success and upliftment of the Italian life and culture (Wilson 2016). Some of the major artworks in this Renaissance period are David, The Last Supper, Annunciation, The Last Judgment, The Creation of Adam, The Sistine Madonna and many others. The important philosophical traits that were discussed in this time were Humanism, Neo-Platonism, Machiavellian and others (Audi 2015). Naples Italy museums The Naples Italy museum is considered to be one of the most important parts of the culture of Italy. It is related with the Italian people as well. The museum depicts the history of several things that have influenced the lives and culture of the people (Amato et al. 2013). The things that are embedded in the museum are the quality works of the Greek, Roman and Renaissance times. The things include the typical archaeological things as well. These things have enriched the culture of Italy to a certain extent. Some of the important figures that are present in the museum are Farnese Hercules, Farnese Atlas, Farnese Bull, Venus Kallipgyos, Harmodius and Aristogeiton and several other things. They have a collection of the busts of many Roman Emperors that shows the rich tradition Italy had. There are some important instances of mosaics present in the museum from the ruins of the Pompeii. These important mosaics include Alexander Mosaic that could date back to 100 BC was found from the House of Faun in Pompeii. Another important instance of fresco painting was the fresco of Heron and Cobra that was found from the House of Epigrammes. These things have been found after a tireless effort of the archaeologists to prove the rich cultural tradition Italy ever possessed. Another important mosaic painting includes the Cave Canem (beware of dog). I suppose these are precious documents of the Italian life and culture and should be preserved for the generations to come (Astarita 2013). Conclusion This paper can be concluded by saying that Italian life and culture has been one of the most beautiful and brilliant pieces of artwork. The Renaissance period has given birth to many stalwart people in various fields of art. The philosophers of this period also catered to the betterment of the culture. In this paper, I have discussed various things about the Italian mafia and its influence on the lives of people. The influence of the Renaissance has been immense in this sense because the famous works of art, painting, sculpture and philosophical pieces have evolved in this period only. So, it is of immense significance to know about these things. References Amato, F., Chianese, A., Mazzeo, A., Moscato, V., Picariello, A. and Piccialli, F., 2013. The talking museum project.Procedia Computer Science,21, pp.114-121. Astarita, T., 2013.A Companion to Early Modern Naples. Brill. Audi, R., 2015. The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy. Burke, P., 2013.The Italian Renaissance: culture and society in Italy. John Wiley Sons. Bury, J.B., 2012.History of the later Roman Empire(Vol. 1). Courier Corporation. Decker, S.H. and Pyrooz, D., 2013. Gangs Another Form of Organized Crime?. InThe Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime. Garnsey, P. and Saller, R.P., 2014.The Roman Empire: economy, society and culture. Bloomsbury Publishing. Paoli, L., 2014. The Italian Mafia. InThe Oxford handbook of organized crime. Stephens, J., 2014.The Italian Renaissance: the origins of intellectual and artistic change before the Reformation. Routledge. Wilson, N.G., 2016.From Byzantium to Italy: Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance. Bloomsbury Publishing