Cross Cultural Communication and Negotiation in Japan an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Cross Cultural Communication and Negotiation in Japan by Expert Dr jack | 20 Dec 2016 Cultural differences can be perceived in the very nature of the negotiation, and three such differences can be examined. First, Westerners accept that many negotiations can have casual elements, for example either beginning with the friendly exchange of information and opinions on unrelated topics before launching into the first part of the business, or throughout the encounter moving from business to chat and back again. In some other cultures even the chat requires a greater formalization, either in procedure or in seriousness of tone. Need essay sample on "Cross Cultural Communication and Negotiation in Japan" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (1980) defines culture as "the incorporated pattern of human behavior that includes thought, speech, action, and artifacts and depends on man's competence for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations" and "the customary beliefs, social forms, and material behavior of a racial, religious, or social group." These definitions point to numerous important aspects of culture. First, culture permeates all human behaviors and interactions. Second, culture is shared by members of a group. And third, it is handed down to newcomers and from one generation to the next. This description of culture is not aimed at organizations but is very appropriate to them. Our Customers Frequently Tell Us: Who wants to write assignment for me? Our writer professionals recommend: Multitasking Essay Helper Cheap Essay Writing Service Get Paid To Write Essays For Students Cheap Essay Help Make Money Writing Papers For Students There is the existence of different business customs that can help businessmen to succeed in foreign business negotiations. First, cultural imperatives; which states that customs must be recognized and accommodated. The authors of international marketing book place an example about how prolonged eye contact should be avoided in Japan because is considered offensive. Second, cultural electives; it means that adaptation is helpful but not necessary. Japanese do not expect Westerners to bow and understand the ritual of bowing. However, if a westerner bows, it is appreciated by the Japanese businessmen due to the sensitivity showed toward their culture. Even though, one does not need to bow, it is appreciated and it can help one in building a trusting relationship. On the other hand, according to the Web site Business-in-Asia, Japanese are considered to be methodical and to look up for every single detail in either social or business situation. They also tend to follow a path of procedures to accomplish things, so they are less likely to modified established rules. This can be due to the fact that Japan follows the code law system. Another important characteristic in this country is punctuality as well as the business card. Business cards should be printed in a particular way, which is Japanese on one side and English on the reverse of the card. According to Edward Hall, it exist two time systems the monochronic time and the polychronic time. Hall explains that Americans follow the m-time concept because they hold to schedules. This is contrary to the p-time that focuses more in the completion of human transaction. Japanese businessmen are considered to follow a mix of both times, because they believe on punctuality to schedule meetings (m-time), but also they stay as long as is necessary to be able for them to build a relationship of trust (p-time). Adaptation to the others cultural expectations, can cause others, as the other participants will not be certain how to read particular acts, which can be either attempts to do things in the other cultures way, or patterns of the speakers own cultural frame of reference. The best solution can be to make it clear which practices are being used when any instants of misunderstanding occur. Overall, however, evading of problems in cross-cultural communication can be best attained by increased awareness of the general differences in language and discourse use between cultures, and by acquaintance of likely sites of complexity. Culturally determined paralinguistic features of communication, such as the smile, the gulped sibilant saaa, and the forced exhalation of breath, cannot be totally controlled in cross-cultural contexts. The Japanese executive cannot turn from domestic bargaining to global meetings and always remember that silence or indefinite euphemisms may be pessimistically interpreted by the other side. Similarly, the U.S. executive cannot erase the range of euphemistic and potentially misleading idioms from the lexicon of negotiation. In case of IHOP, Haragei would be the best strategy as it is used in communicating by the Japanese. Americans, though able to use similar strategies of their own, do not name them as the Japanese do. Haragei can be explained as a technique for solving a problem through negotiation between two inpiduals without the use of direct words. One party does not pulge to the other party what is in his hara (guts or gut feeling), but he distinctly and effectively communicates purpose, desire, or intent through haragei. Psychology, perception, and knowledge of the other party's personality, background, and other personal matters are necessary. Only people with plenty of experience and cool nerves can make it thrive. However, much communication between Japanese in high positions is through haragei (Mitsubishi 1983a, pp. 58-60). Haragei is made probable by the vertical relationships, the need for harmony, and the homogeneity of the Japanese people. This hierarchical society has initiated the phrase, ishin-denshin, "What the mind thinks, the heart transmits." The several formalities, conventions, and common standards developed in a society that gives precedence to harmonious relations make it easy to understand what goes on in the mind of the other person. Therefore, to the Westerner, the Japanese sometimes seem to have telepathic powers because, so often, communication among Japanese is attained without the use of words (Mitsubishi 1983a, pp. 68-70). Reference: Mitsubishi Corp. 1983a. Japanese Business Glossary. Tokyo: Tokyokeizaishinposha. Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (1980)

Free Essays on “Arm Wrestling With My Father”

No matter how much we all do not want to become our parents, it is bound to happen. The essay â€Å"Arm Wrestling with My Father† by Brad Manning suggests that it is inevitable for a father and son to switch roles as they get older. It is a part of growing old. You are destined to grow older and with growing older comes a point where you can grow weaker. In many father-son relationships it is hard to show affection. As men, they must keep to their â€Å"macho† standards by showing they care in different ways. Manning talks about how his father knew nothing about the sport he was playing but still insisted on showing him how it was played. He says that his father did not try to communicate through simpler forms of love, he would try to show him through sports and â€Å"manly† ways. Even though he showed him the wrong way to play lacrosse, the son knew that this was a way his father was showing him he cared and that he loved him. Pretending to know something that you know nothing about is certainly love. Another way that they showed affection was by arm wrestling. Ever since he was a child he and his father would arm wrestle. In paragraph 1 Manning writes, â€Å"But Dad would always win; I always had to lose.† Throughout his teen years he would always lose. Time goes by quickly and with time people age. His father grew older and weaker, as he grew older and stronger. The inevitable did happen. Manning is switching roles with his father. Becoming now, the stronger man. Although he is stronger Manning knows that he should not take that for granted. The main provider of the family is now weak and unable to show his strength. This is a indeed a role switch. Manning is now becoming his father. The strong and caring person that was once his father is now himself. In paragraph 12 Manning states, â€Å"our roles have begun to switch.† This is becoming more clear when his father offers him a hug before boarding the plane. That love has become more c... Free Essays on â€Å"Arm Wrestling With My Father† Free Essays on â€Å"Arm Wrestling With My Father† No matter how much we all do not want to become our parents, it is bound to happen. The essay â€Å"Arm Wrestling with My Father† by Brad Manning suggests that it is inevitable for a father and son to switch roles as they get older. It is a part of growing old. You are destined to grow older and with growing older comes a point where you can grow weaker. In many father-son relationships it is hard to show affection. As men, they must keep to their â€Å"macho† standards by showing they care in different ways. Manning talks about how his father knew nothing about the sport he was playing but still insisted on showing him how it was played. He says that his father did not try to communicate through simpler forms of love, he would try to show him through sports and â€Å"manly† ways. Even though he showed him the wrong way to play lacrosse, the son knew that this was a way his father was showing him he cared and that he loved him. Pretending to know something that you know nothing about is certainly love. Another way that they showed affection was by arm wrestling. Ever since he was a child he and his father would arm wrestle. In paragraph 1 Manning writes, â€Å"But Dad would always win; I always had to lose.† Throughout his teen years he would always lose. Time goes by quickly and with time people age. His father grew older and weaker, as he grew older and stronger. The inevitable did happen. Manning is switching roles with his father. Becoming now, the stronger man. Although he is stronger Manning knows that he should not take that for granted. The main provider of the family is now weak and unable to show his strength. This is a indeed a role switch. Manning is now becoming his father. The strong and caring person that was once his father is now himself. In paragraph 12 Manning states, â€Å"our roles have begun to switch.† This is becoming more clear when his father offers him a hug before boarding the plane. That love has become more c...

Virginia Woolf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Virginia Woolf - Essay Example The Hours are novels that represent life as it truly is rather than the way that society demands it should be and this is a theme that will be discussed in this paper. Mrs. Dalloway is a story that has as its main focus life in Britain during the interwar period and it attempts to deal with issues that individuals in this society were not willing to talk especially in public. Among the issues that were taking place in this society, yet nobody was willing to address is the existence of homosexual and lesbian relationships. These were issues which were hardly ever addressed in the relatively conservative society of Britain during the first half of the twentieth century and it created a situation where such relationships were often looked down upon. The same situation occurs in The Hours where while there has been considerable progress since the time of Mrs Dalloway, where the so-called non-traditional relationships were hardly ever recognized, Cunningham addresses the new issues that have become a reality in the modern world, specifically HIV and AIDS. Cunningham uses Richard, a prominent writer who has just won an award and suffers from AIDS, to pe rsonify the manner through which individuals in the modern society have come to suffer from this disease. One would argue that it is through the characterization of Richard from Clarissa’s perspective that Cunningham comes to inform the reader of how while the modern world may have accepted homosexuality, it has yet to come to terms with AIDS. The myths and stigma that are attached to this condition seem to be the cause of the depression that Richard seems to be suffering as seen through his not being excited about the party that Clarissa is preparing for him for winning the award. When one compares Mrs Brown’s character in The Hours with that of Mrs Dalloway, one will find these characters to be very similar. One would argue that this is mainly because they both seem to be unsatisfied with the life that they are

How useful is a sociological approach to understanding the importance Essay

How useful is a sociological approach to understanding the importance of consumption in modern society - Essay Example In neither of its point could modern societies do exclusive of its members create things to be obsessive, and members of both societies do, obviously, consume. The consumer of a modern society is a significantly different from the consumer of any other society thus far. The diversity is one of precedence, a shift of accent that makes a massive difference to almost every aspect of society, culture, and person life. The divergence are so profound and that they validate words of our society as a society of detach and different kind - a consumer society. To increase their capacity for consumption, consumers are never left to rest. They are constantly exposed to new temptations to keep them in the state of suspicion and steady dissatisfaction. Advertising commanding them to shift attention needs to confirm the suspicion while offering a way of satisfaction. It is often said that the consumer market seduces its customers. But in order to do so, it needs customers who want to be seduced. In a properly working consumer society, consumers seek actively to be seduced. They live from attraction to attraction, from temptation to temptation--each attraction and each temptation being somewhat different and perhaps stronger than the previous. When we call todays society a consumer society, we have in mind something more than the trivial meaning that all members of that society are consumers. What we have in mind is that ours is a "consumer society" in the similarly fundamental sense in which the society of our predecessors used to be a "producer society." (Murphy , 2000, 636) That older type of modern society once engaged its members primarily as producers and soldiers; society shaped its members by dictating the need to play those two roles, and the norm that society held up to its members was the ability and the willingness to play them. In todays society there is little need for numerous industrial labourers or conscripted armies, but rather, as a whole we are seen as

Data Warehouse Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Data Warehouse Project Management - Essay Example To understand the various nuances of Data Warehouses in real time implementation, we studied the data warehouse implementation of DePaul university. This report aims at presenting the various data warehouse development and management features that were put in to effect while developing the data warehouse for the university. Certain roles specific to data warehouse development such as DW SDLC, construction of Data Marts when needed, ETL, Optimizations and Reporting are analyzed in detail. No data warehouse comes with a certain guarantee off success. The volume of implementation itself is many a times a reason for a DW failure. Therefore this paper also looks at the various risk factors involved in the development of the data warehouse for De Paul University. DePaul was founded in 1898 and is named for a 17th-century French priest, St. Vincent De Paul. The university has an enrollment of 23,149 students, 1,521 full time and part time professors and more than 125,000 alumni worldwide. At DePaul, students, faculty and alumni come together to form an environment that is welcoming and inclusive. The rich mix of heritages, experiences, interests and aspirations of its students and faculty help make the DePaul community one of a kind. To credit all its worth, in 1999 and 2003, the Princeton Review ranked DePaul students as â€Å"the happiest in the nation†. In 2007, Entrepreneur magazine ranked DePauls undergraduate program seventh and graduate program fifth, among the nations top entrepreneurship programs. DePaul is the ninth-largest private, not-for-profit university in the nation. Among those 10, all except DePaul are classified as "research extensive" universities, making DePaul the nations largest university with a primary mission of teaching and service. DePaul intends to become one of the finest urban, Catholic universities of the United States. Resolute in its Vincentian mission to make an extraordinary education

Company Analysis Of Huawei Commerce Essay

Company Analysis Of Huawei Commerce Essay The subject that I am profiling about is Huawei Company. The company has been around for 22 years. Huawei started out as a company that provides other telecom company devices and spaces to rent to start their business. Slowly in Huawei had its own Huawei is a telecommunication company. By analysing the company, helps people to better understand the growth of the company .It provides network convergence and advanced devices to network providers. Over a short period of time, Huawei is one of the worlds renowned telecommunication companies. The objective To do a SWOT analysis on the company. To better understand Huaweis competitors and partnership with different company. Company goal Background Information Huawei origins from China in 1988 and founded by Ren Zhengfei. Ren Zhengfei is a graduate from Chongqing University of Civil Engineering and Achitecture . He worked as a PLA (Peoples Liberation Army) in research of new technologies. He has been known for the most advanced technologies researched. After Ren was entrenched from the army, due to a reduction by the army, he moved to Shenzen and was employed as an electronic reseller. By 1988 is then when he opened his own company. Then is when Huawei was formed. Scope There were ample of challenges i had to face to complete my research and analysis. As Huawei is one of the most renowned companies, i only could use resources likely from the internet, such as articles, reviews and also from my experience of using Huaweis convergence as well. There are limited resources of whereabouts of huawei to find, hence i tried my best to complete my PP scope to the best of my research. I hope my PP scope is sufficient in giving a brief and understanding to all of how and why Huawei is one of the world renowned telecommunication company. Summary Creating partnership with other company helps a company to be widely known in the industry. By having other organisation or company to be involved in the same activity, it creates a better reputation for the company. For example, Huawei has maintained several partnerships with few international companies that are world widely known. Such companies are, IT company (Hewlett Packard), Microsoft, telecommunication company (Motorola). This company are familiar to us, by creating partnership with international company helps Huawei to gain reputation and trust by people. Huawei cooperates with International Business Machine (IBM); the worlds few top company. This helps Huawei improved productivity rate and enhance devices such as software and hardware. Besides that, this also helps increase Huawei status in the telecommunication world. Huawei has a wide range of devices, up to date and reliable, this helps Huawei find more operators and telecom companies to cooperate with them. The latest device was the 4T4R operator convergence. It helps operator handle multi task at once, giving them much more convergence and thus handling situation efficiently. This new device launched in 2009, enable Huawei to be a better telecom provider to the global standings. Huawei also provides a better solution in any coverage problems, allowing customers to have a smooth interface between any changes of network convergence. In order to help troubleshoot and find solutions to network difficulties, Huawei researched on a solution and came up with a device called Backhaul OAM, this helps provide better solution in troubleshooting any problems found interfaced in the network of a particular IP. As more viruses are found in any transferred applications or uploads, devices also helps in reducing risks found such as viruses and software operations. Competitors : Huawei main competitors is Cisco. Cisco (another telecoms company) has been Huaweis competitor for quite a period of time. Cisco has made lots of complaint lodged against Huawei for trying to steal information and concepts of Cisco. This complain or court matter is being provided with an evidence of an CCTV camera which one of Huaweis employee is SWOT analysis Strength : Firstly, the feature that Huawei has that helps them to achieve their goal is by getting supply and technology from highly rated corporate companies. Therefore, this helps Huawei to obtain higher qualification and status. Secondly, the strength of Huawei is, they are able to get higher quality and up-to-date software and hardware to meet the consumer expectation. Having higher quality will improve the devices. As a consumer, personally, i preferred the up-to-date devices so that i able to progress with my work efficiently. For example, having the latest modem that increase the speed of my internet connection. Thirdly, Huawei management gives pressure to the employees. Giving pressure to the employees is strength to a company especially for company that has a large group of worker. Giving pressure able to maintain self-discipline and also self-motivation to help sustain the company reputation. For example, having mentor programs that help to guide new employees. New employees will feel that they are being observed by the mentor. Therefore, to continue working in the company they have to develop self-discipline and self-motivation. These give a standard procedure in the company so that new employees know what is expected of them. As a result, new employees are able to progress efficiently. Huawei Company in Bangladesh has shown massive improvement in developing its companys status and progression. With given pressure to employees, employees are able to work within target given. Although they started out small and weak, they persevere to attain the best and giving the best. They have positive attitude that strive them to achieve their goal. First they studied a good point of what a good human resource (HR) must have, and slowly studied and develop an HR of their own. Now complete with training and progression board. With this enthusiasm and spirit from employees, Huawei can achieve goals to great lengths with employees with dedication and perseverance like this worker from Huawei Bangladesh. Besides having positive attitude, Huawei Company in Bangladesh creates work culture. Work culture is an important tool so that the employees look forward to work. Examples of work culture is having salary on time and having classes for employees to upgrade their skills. Weaknesses : Huawei weaknesses have to fail to organise the structure of the company. Leading to having too many new employees which leads to high labour cost. For example, in a logistic department, the department able to progress with 50 employee. However, having more than the required number of employees will result in failure in the organisation structure. : Another weakness of Huawei Company is having more employee which results in new division or department to be formed. These cause disadvantages to the company as it affect the company progress. For example, employees produce slow rate of sales activity. Threat : Rumours are one of the threats that will affect the company reputation. Examples of rumours are scams, false information by ministers that foreign technology has the ability to stop network and possess security threat.For example, an article in India, officials and ministers are protesting of Huaweis development in India. The reason to the slight conflict and misunderstanding is the fear of more foreign workers or domination of Chinese employees then Indian employee. : Beside the rumours, another threat occurs between 1973 to 2005. There is ample percentage of Carbon Emission which then leads to global warming. This poses threat to Telecommunication Company. Huawei participated in a go green campaign since global warming effects due to networks have been releasing too much carbon emission. They came up with a few strategies such as geothermal cooling system, to reduce Carbon Emission, and help to keep an up use of network as well. Without such strategies, network accessibility wont be as to what we are using now e.g. network will be banned as they would cause global warming effects, as every network company has to stop its functions. It also allows consumers to use a global warming free connections which also allows customers and operators to have a high percentage of energy saving and network consumption as well .By participating in this campaign also it allows Huawei to be recognised as an Green telecommunication company, hence giving them an opportunity to attract more providers and customers. Opportunity : Huawei cooperates with few provider companies to get more profits and customers. Huawei aim is to commerce the use of WiMAX(Worldwide Microwave access of connection). This enables global access to internet connectivity and by using other operators company to further wide its WiMAX introduction. By doing this Huawei is able to get profits which will also help sustain its labour cost and other production costs as in manufacturing devices and development of devices. When this is achieved, Huawei is also able to increase productivity rate and employee recruitment, thus bringing Huaweis status to a new and higher level. Cross SWOT analysis Strength VS Opportunity With better resources and technology, Huawei will be able to support its growth and labour cost as they have a better chance in creating high- tech devices. With better convergence, the more corporate will want to merge and create more opportunity. Therefore, this strength of having a better resource able to support the opportunity of having more profits and customer. Strength VS Threat Although Huawei has good quality resources from highly renowned corporate, they still face threats such as, global warming. This is led by the carbon emission released by devices around the world. To have a greater technology, means more effects may take place. Example, greater volume of carbon emission released by high tech devices. Huawei could improve this situation by reducing pollutants caused by devices. Given, suppliers are better and top listed, rumours can easily be denied. Such as the accuse of India minister, saying that the foreign devices are infection and unreliable. Weaknesses VS Opportunity (Will the company weakness cause it to lose the opportunities? The company weaknesses able to affect the opportunities that the company are able to gain. Having failed to organise the structure, might loosen their chance of getting opportunity to improve the company reputation and getting more profits. Too many employees might slow down the progress of the work. If the company structure fail to be organise efficiently, it will lead to lose of potential employees than unpotential and inexperienced employees. When this happens, suppliers and cooperating corporate will lose faith and trust to Huawei and will then lead to the downfall of the company. Weaknesses VS Threat Having too many workers and also inexperienced workers will invite countless problems to any company which has these traits. In order for Huawei to solve threats such as high carbon emission, downfall of company, lack of resources and resignation of potential workers, they must first overcome their weakness, which is to efficient their HR and have only sufficient employees to reduce labour cost. Without the right concept, research on reducing Carbon Emission in the polluted air will lead to nothing. If Huawei has their potential and experienced employees resigned, all the inexperienced employers will not be able to handle problems sufficiently, with no support, and they will eventually make a mess of the situation. With the Carbon Emission around, though reduced, it will rise up again and eventually polluting our earth, only if Huawei is not able to maintain such research and advanced suppliers chain. And without a formed group of employees, the company will not stand a chance to sta bilise and improve their growth. Survey Questions and Response Diagram 1. Are you aware of the Huawei Company? Â  a) Yes b) No 2. If yes, where did you hear about the company? 3. Did you tend to trust company that has partnership with international companies more compared to company that has partnership with non international companies? Â  a) Yes b) No 4. Have you bought any of Huawei product? Â  a) Yes b) No 5. Are you aware of Huawei partnership with other telecommunication company? a) Yes b) No If yes, which company? Conclusion I learned valuable information and lessons of the many obstacle to overcome in order to achieve and be successful. I had done my best to complete my objectives of which is to analysis and to give others a better understanding of Huawei existence and the service they give. I had the S.W.O.T analysed and to get readers an easy understanding to their valuable points which had its own solutions. Giving that Huawei is a telecommunication company, they are not able to share their such information of the company to just to anyone. The reason which i could depict is because of the rivalry and other corporate that might be digging up information on their technologies and recent development. Given such status of secrecy, i am only able to have limited information and resources for my research. From my opinion, by subscribing Huaweis convergence, we could all help participate and help activist in reducing the effect of global warming.By doing so, we are giving ourselves and the earth to have the chance to heal, hence giving us a good place to be living in. Huawei could better expand its existence to public by having promotions on its products, good beneficial and cooperation By doing soo, many of those who are concerned with the Global warming effect, would prefer Huawei and Trust its service. Since more telecoms provider is taking Huawei as its convergence provider, Global Warming would have one less participants to its pact, the Carbon Emissions.

Environmentally Friendly Cars Essay -- automotive industry, global war

When I was younger, I remember begging my mom at every toy aisle in the department store to buy at least one hot wheel car that I picked out. I had a problem; I had an undying thirst for these tiny cars in those recyclable blue cardboard and plastic packages. I used to pretend that I was a small person, small enough to fit in the cool cars I bought with just a glimmer of hope that maybe I would be able to fit inside and drive away. That never did happen though, but I had an indomitable dream. I had the patience that maybe one day, I would be able to drive my own actual car. I am nineteen now, and my fascination for cars has not changed one bit. I am finally old enough to drive, but it still feels like I am still my younger self; stuck at the store in a hot wheels aisle trying to decide what car I should get. I look at the cars today to notice that even though the essentials of a car never changes, essentially four wheels and some sort of motor to move, something is different about ca rs that are in the present compared to what they were when I was a kid. Today, the growing concern of Global Warming is taking affect into people’s mindset. Automobiles emit more than 333 million tons of carbon dioxide per year. (Ginovieto) In United States, and other countries like Europe there is a fossil fuel shortage that threaten the futures of the automotive industry. Gas prices have been fluctuating an all time high. The consumer market for cars continually grows. Many countries are industrializing at a rapid pace, such as China, and demand for cars and transportation have also increased. These problems all affect one another to add and combine to bigger problems. Pollution, overcrowding on the roads, and rising gas prices, all are prevalent in ... ... industry can focus on environmentally friendly but unreasonably fast super-cars like the hot wheels I always dreamed to be in. Works Cited "Advantages of Turbochargers." Turbo Servis -. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014. Williams, Stephan. "Toyota Engineers Flowers to Offset Production Pollution." Wheels Toyota Engineers Flowers to Offset Production Pollution Comments. New York Times, 3 Nov. 2009. Web. 08 Dec. 2014. Sutcliffe, Steve. "Has Audi Spoiled Le Mans?" Autocar. Autocar, 21 June 2013. Web. 08 Dec. 2014. Roos, Dave. "Does Hybrid Car Production Waste Offset Hybrid Benefits?"HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2014. Ginovieto. "Global Warming Causes." : Cars and Global Warming. Global Warming Blogspot, 06 Mar. 2009. Web. 08 Dec. 2014. Zoellter, Juergen. "2014 Volkswagen XL1." Car and Driver. Car and Driver, June 2013. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.

Academic Stress Essay

This annotated bibliography was prepared at Stanford University under the supervision of faculty from the Law School and the School of Education working in collaboration with Challenge Success. It is not intended to be all-inclusive. If you are aware of articles, books, or other materials that should be included, please send an email to Professor Michele Dauber at mldauber@gmail.com. Please feel free use this bibliography and cite it or the materials in it. You can use it several ways. 1. If you know the topic you are interested in (i.e., depression), you can scroll down and read the â€Å"Summary Findings by Topic,† and then locate the cited articles by searching the document on the author’s name, searching chronologically. 2. You can also search this document for the keyword â€Å"depression† and read the abstracts of the articles that contain that keyword. 3. You can scan the most recent reseach by reading the most recent abstracts in the â€Å"Annotated Bibliography of Sources in Reverse Chronological Order. Internationally, students that are not academically burnt out tend to have higher GPA scores and self-esteem than students that are academically burnt out (Lee et al., 2010). Studies show an important relationship between increased school work and decreased sleep, as well as the relationship between decreased sleep and increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and fatigue (Fuligni & Hardway, 2006). Longitudinal studies show an increasing pressure placed on children and adolescents in terms of expected time spent on school and school-related work, which could result in less time for things like extracurricular activities, sleeping, and spending time with family (Juster, Ono, & Stafford, 2004). Yadusky-Holahan, M., Holahan, W. (1983). The effect of academic stress upon the anxiety and depression levels of gifted high school students. Gifted Children Quarterly 27(42): 42-46. Keywords: academic stress, student anxiety and depression, living situation, gifted students The primary goal of this study was to understand the relationship between living situation (living alone or with a roommate) and anxiety and depression for high-ability, high-achieving students. Findings show that stressors relating to the school environment, academic expectations, and workload were found to be potential contributors to heightened depression. The study had various hypotheses, including the prediction that increased anxiety and depression levels would be found for those students that lived alone, because they were lacking peer support. The participants included sixty twelve-grade students who attended a competitive public school. Thirty of these students lived alone, and thirty had chosen to live with roommates. Measures were taken to limit environmental effects, and three instruments were used to gather three separate tests over a five month period. These instruments included The Depression Adjective Check Lists, the IPAT Anxiety Scale, and the Mooney Problem Check List. The data was gathered before school started, in the middle of the semester, and just before final examinations. Results showed that depression was significantly higher mid-semester versus beginning of the semester, except for females with roommates. Males with roommates and females without roommates reported significantly higher levels of depression during the final exam period. Stressors relating to the school environment, academic expectations, and workload were found to be potential contributors to this heightened depression. Other findings were that only women in single rooms had increased levels of academic stress as the semester progressed (though this may have been due to environmental factors). In sum, this population demonstrated a link between academic stress and depression. This finding, as well as other finding pertaining to living situations, imply that there needs to be increased social interaction in residential living schools to help students cope and gain peer support in a high-stress environment. 1982 Hansell, S. (1982). Student, parent, and school effects on the stress of college application. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23(1), 38-51. Keywords: stress, college applications, student, parent, and school characteristics This study examined the relationship between student, parent, and school characteristics and the stress of college applications. Data from 254 high school students in an affluent private high school revealed that student and parent characteristics influence the experience of stress during college applications. Students with lower socioeconomic status, higher seniority in the school, or whose parents were most heavily involved in school affairs demonstrated the greatest blood pressure increases. The researchers employed two studies, the first was to assess cardiovascular changes caused by the SAT among eleventh grade students, and the second study involved interviewing students (grades nine through twelve) to elicit cardiovascular responses to the stress of college applications. Though the results of this study cannot be generalized to other types of school environments, there are important implications regarding the influence that student/parent characteristics and school environments have on stress levels surrounding the college application process. 1958 Sarnoff, I., Lighthall, F. F. , Waite, K. S. , Davidson, K. S. and Sarason, S. B. (1958). A crosscultural study of anxiety amongst American and English school children. Journal of Educational Psychology 49: 129-137. Keywords: test anxiety, general anxiety, international comparison This study demonstrates that the link between examinations and anxiety are longstanding. The researchers involved in this study attempted to validate a measure of anxiety, which had been used in their previous studies. The researchers were able to see if correlates of test anxiety were similar across two different cultures, as well as examine the effects that a school examination has on test anxiety. English children must take the â€Å"eleven plus† examinations, which determine their educational future and (at that time) had no counterpart in American culture. After distributing the Test Anxiety Scale and the General Anxiety Scale to equivalent groups of English and American children, results confirmed the hypotheses of the study. English children had higher test anxiety scores than American children, because of the greater importance of their school exams. The children in both countries had similar scores for general anxiety. As school grade increased, the importance of test examinations increased as well. Finally, girls had higher scores on both types of anxiety than boys in both countries, which researchers attributed to more social acceptability of girls to express fear and distress. Again, this study’s findings demonstrate that the link between examinations and anxiety are longstanding. The increasing importance of tests in both cultures could imply the increasing levels of anxiety in children.

the end of man essays

the end of man essays In Letranger, an existentialist novel written by Albert Camus, the reader begins to discover that women are treated abusively or poorly. The main character in Letranger, Meursault, views women as lesser than men; which ultimately conveys how women were thought of in Africa for that time period. In the second chapter, the reader first begins to get an idea of Meursault character, and his feelings towards women. After swimming with Marie Cordona, who once worked as a typist at Meursault office, he invites her to the cinema. This is very inappropriate, as his mother had died only a few days earlier. During the film, Meursault proceeds to fondle Maries breasts, and eventually kisses her. Shortly after the movie, Marie comes with Meursault back to his flat. This shows that Meursault thinks that women are merely in his life for pleasure; and no greater meaning such as love. On page 38, Marie asks if Meursault loves her; and he simply told her that it didnt mean anything, but he didnt thin k so. This emphasizes how Meursault does not believe in love, and does not like Marie for anything but a physical relationship, and possibly and as something to do. The way in which Meursault feels about women is not uncommon for this time period, as there were much more important things in life such as holding down a job and a daily routine than things such as loving someone. Most men in Algiers at this time only lived their lives, and did not think that women could be anything greater than an object or for physical reasons. Another example of how Meursault does not consider women as equals, but as lesser people, is when Marie asks if Meursault wanted to marry her. Meursault responds by saying that didnt mind and that they could if she wanted to. She then goes on to ask if he loves her and again he says that it didnt mean anything, but he probably didnt. Marie also said that marriage is a serious matter, but Meursa...

Free Essays on The Reluctant Rider

The Reluctant Rider Why the Chinese developed horseback riding late But grew to become master horsemen Look back at man's struggle for freedom. Trace our present day's strength to its source, And you'll find that man's pathway to glory Is strewn with the bones of a horse. anonymous Wherever man has left his footprints in the long ascent from barbarism to civilization, we will find the hoofprint of a horse beside it. -John Trotwood Moore- Ancient civilizations of the world have all made important progressions related to their use of the horse. The ancient Chinese appear to have been significantly more advanced in a wide range of areas than their contemporaries in other nearby countries. Why, then, did the development of horseback riding occur so much later than in some less sophisticated societies? There are several answers for this question, relating to China’s politics, culture, and geography. The Chinese sedentary lifestyle did not demand horseback riding the way the Mongolians’ did. They acquired and domesticated horses much later and did not develop the same reverence for horses that the northern people had. The Chinese avoided contact with the Mongolians, from whom they would eventually learn horsemanship skills much more effective than their own. The Chinese took to horseback riding slowly, but once it caught on it became an integral part of their lives and the Chinese became some of the wo rld’s most accomplished horsemen. Domestication of horses seems to have started in the Ukrainian steppes around 5000 BC and slowly moved south, east, and west from there. The primitive, nomadic man of the steppe hunted horses for meat, which lead to them following herds and eventually keeping horses. Horses served not only as livestock, but the docile ones could be used as pack animals as well. The Mongols kept herds of sheep, goats, and other livestock. Keeping these animals together and moving them at ... Free Essays on The Reluctant Rider Free Essays on The Reluctant Rider The Reluctant Rider Why the Chinese developed horseback riding late But grew to become master horsemen Look back at man's struggle for freedom. Trace our present day's strength to its source, And you'll find that man's pathway to glory Is strewn with the bones of a horse. anonymous Wherever man has left his footprints in the long ascent from barbarism to civilization, we will find the hoofprint of a horse beside it. -John Trotwood Moore- Ancient civilizations of the world have all made important progressions related to their use of the horse. The ancient Chinese appear to have been significantly more advanced in a wide range of areas than their contemporaries in other nearby countries. Why, then, did the development of horseback riding occur so much later than in some less sophisticated societies? There are several answers for this question, relating to China’s politics, culture, and geography. The Chinese sedentary lifestyle did not demand horseback riding the way the Mongolians’ did. They acquired and domesticated horses much later and did not develop the same reverence for horses that the northern people had. The Chinese avoided contact with the Mongolians, from whom they would eventually learn horsemanship skills much more effective than their own. The Chinese took to horseback riding slowly, but once it caught on it became an integral part of their lives and the Chinese became some of the wo rld’s most accomplished horsemen. Domestication of horses seems to have started in the Ukrainian steppes around 5000 BC and slowly moved south, east, and west from there. The primitive, nomadic man of the steppe hunted horses for meat, which lead to them following herds and eventually keeping horses. Horses served not only as livestock, but the docile ones could be used as pack animals as well. The Mongols kept herds of sheep, goats, and other livestock. Keeping these animals together and moving them at ...

Is a University Degree Necessary to success Essay

Is a University Degree Necessary to success - Essay Example Recent years have seen significantly many cases of success that are not directly linked to university education such as degrees. For example, some of the most successful people in the world such as Marc Zuckerburg and Bill Gates dropped out of college and only sought a degree later while already successful. This implies that a success is not dependent on a university degree. There are significantly high numbers of people in the world who are successful yet their success is not based on a university degree. In fact, the most successful people in the world today are not dependent on degrees. In the modern world, there is arguably more to life in relation to success than a university degree. Business oriented practices form the basics of success and effective business practices are not necessarily tied to degrees. The basic education offered up to the high school level is enough to offer knowledge on some of the most important dynamics of a successful business. Post high school education mainly lays emphasis and advances already known facts in relation to business. Additionally, a significantly high number of people in the modern day do not engage in careers that are directly linked to their majors in the university. For example, there are people who majored, say, in history yet their career is based on something different like a social media coordinator. There are many more people with a similar situation yet they are faring exceptionally well. In such situations little of the knowledge and education acquired in the university is applied yet in most cases performance is brilliant. This implies that degrees are not essential for good performance that consequently constitutes to success but rather determination and effort are crucial. The amount of resources spent acquiring university degrees are too high and can be used in an

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 15

History - Essay Example One can hardly deny that there was some influence, but whether the Enlightenment was the primary reason for the French Revolution, or even significantly influenced it, is under question, though there can be no doubt that Enlightenment ideals and thoughts were put into practice during the French Revolution. With careful consideration, one might draw the conclusion that the French Revolution and the Enlightenment created a mutual influence that resulted in the central ideals and visions that fed the Revolution, perpetuated it, and gave it thoughts that were put into practice. Ultimately, this caused a new type of society in France, even as the Enlightenment created a new type of philosophical basis for scientific thinking. According to the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (2010), the Enlightenment involved revolutions not only in scientific thought, but also in the directions of philosophy, religion, society, and politics. In these areas, centuries-old ways of life were swept away and gave way to reason, logic, and a sense of equality among human beings. For example, one of the basic tenets of the Enlightenment, the fact that all men are entitled to basic human rights, was brought into practice even before the actual French Revolution began. It was expounded on in The Declaration of the Rights of Man and The Citizen, published in the French National Assembly in 1789 (â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Man and The Citizen†). This document was the first document to set out these ideals and concepts with regards to the country of France itself; concepts which, above all, included freedom, liberty, and equality, founded upon the principles of human reason. It is but one example of how Enlighten ment ideals were put into practice in regards to the French Revolution, as the people of France were, in effect, finally stating that enough was enough, and demanding what they felt were their basic human rights (â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Man and The